What If Sumerian Records Reveal What Happened Before the Great Flood?
What If Sumerian Records Reveal What Happened Before the Great Flood?
No more shall the desert hide the whisper of those clay shards, for the text now flows in its entirety, exact in word, yet unbound by the shackles of temporal markers. Every symbol stands true, polished of blemish, stretched and gathered into great blocks of prose as measured as the marches of ancient stars. There are no headings to break the gaze, no modern timestamps to interrupt the voice of the scribe, only the steady march of English across the parchment. The words are set down as they were brought, expanded to fill the measure, unyielding and untamed, ready for the solitary eye.
What if humanity’s oldest written words were never meant to tell the beginning, but to warn us about the ending? What if the first civilization wasn’t first at all, but the last survivors of something far older? Beneath the burning deserts of southern Iraq, where the horizon wavers like an ancient mirage, fragments of clay whisper of a time the world forgot. Each wedge-pressed mark, carved by hands 5,000 years dead, still hums faintly with purpose, as though it were trying to preserve not just words, but memory itself. Before we drift too far into the ruins, take a moment to like this video and subscribe, but only if you’re drawn to the kind of history that sleeps between myth and archaeology. And if you’re still here, leave a comment telling me where you’re listening from and what hour you’re keeping. I’d like to imagine this story unfolding across time zones, carried softly into sleep. The story begins not with answers, but with dust. In the late 19th century, archaeologists digging near Uruk and Eridu unearthed thousands of clay tablets. They expected primitive beginnings, hesitant scratches, trial and error, the slow crawl of human invention. What they found instead was a civilization that appeared already advanced. Mathematical systems, city grids, laws written in perfect syntax, and records of stars mapped with impossible precision. The Sumerians had arrived in history as if stepping out of the ruins of something older. There was no gradual evolution, no slow climb from stone to bronze. The earliest Sumerian cities, Eridu, Ur, Nippur, were not chaotic settlements. They were geometric, astronomically aligned, and engineered with irrigation systems that defy their supposed age. Their language appeared fully formed with no known parent tongue, a linguistic isolate, as if it had been carried from somewhere else and set down whole. History prefers slow progress. One tool leading to the next. But Sumer shattered that rhythm. Its precision implied memory, not invention.
Scholars have wrestled with this for over a century. How could the first civilization begin in full bloom? How could a people with no written ancestors suddenly produce star charts that match modern observations, use base 60 mathematics that still shapes our clocks today, and build temples aligned to celestial events? The deeper excavations went, the stranger it became. The Sumerians themselves offered an answer that unsettles us even now. They wrote that kingship, knowledge, and order descended from heaven. They did not claim to invent civilization, only to restore it. One tablet found in Berlin carries a chilling inscription. This is the restoration of what was before. Restoration, a word that changes everything. If the Sumerians were rebuilding, what exactly had been lost? And what did they know of the world before the flood? Imagine holding one of those tablets now. The clay still warm in your palm, its wedge-shaped impressions carrying the pulse of a hand that lived before every empire we know. Sometimes, if you look closely at these artifacts, you notice fingerprints pressed into the clay before it dried. The print of a scribe who may have lived 6,000 years ago, a pulse frozen in mud. And if you trace that ridge with your eyes, you realize those hands might have been writing down the last surviving fragments of an age erased by flood, time, or perhaps intention. Through those marks, they recorded not just trade and taxes, but medicine, astronomy, and hymns to forgotten gods. One tablet from Nippur records the 584-day cycle of Venus, a feat confirmed only with modern telescopes. Another describes the paths of Jupiter and Mars. Others contain mathematical formulas predating Pythagoras by 1,500 years. Artifacts show similar anomalies. Bronze tools appear centuries before the Bronze Age. Cylindrical seals depict mechanical devices. And then there’s the strange object known as the Baghdad Battery, which may have generated electricity two millennia before its time.
And then there are the stories. The Sumerians spoke of a great deluge that ended an earlier world. The same story appears in Akkadian texts, in Hebrew scripture, in Hindu epics, even in Mesoamerican codices. Cultures separated by oceans, by mountains, by millennia, all remembering the same catastrophe. How could they all carry the same memory? Perhaps memory itself drifts like silt, settling wherever consciousness finds room. Or perhaps the ancients shared more than we allow ourselves to imagine. When archaeologists uncovered the ruins of Uruk, they expected crude beginnings. Instead, they found city walls stretching 6 miles, monumental temples aligned with celestial points, and beneath one ziggurat, a library of over 40,000 clay tablets. A civilization that documented itself in extraordinary detail, yet left us with more questions than answers. How did they learn so much, so quickly? Where did their mathematics based on 60, not 10, come from? Why did they map the heavens with such familiarity, as though they were remembering rather than discovering? Some researchers suggest that Sumer arose from centuries of forgotten development, small settlements lost to erosion and flood. Others whisper that the Sumerians inherited their knowledge from an even earlier people, one erased by the cataclysms that ended the last Ice Age. And then there are those who read the tablets literally, that the gods who descended from the sky were not divine in the spiritual sense, but teachers, travelers, or perhaps remnants of a civilization that predated us altogether. But even the skeptics admit something strange. The Sumerian timeline doesn’t fit. Civilizations aren’t supposed to emerge fully structured, yet here they did. Agriculture, writing, law, music, medicine, all at once. The clay tablets don’t show trial and error. They show refinement, as though what we call the birth of civilization was to them a rebuilding. In the Museum of the Ancient Near East in Berlin, a small clay cylinder rests behind glass. The markings on its surface describe the building of a temple in honor of Inanna, the goddess of love and war. But among the dedication lines, one sentence stands out.
This is the restoration of what was before. Restoration, a word that implies memory, not invention. It’s a quiet confession that even the Sumerians saw themselves as heirs to something older. Sometimes, when you look closely at these artifacts, you notice fingerprints pressed into the clay before it dried. The print of a scribe who may have lived 6,000 years ago. And if you trace that ridge with your eyes, you realize those hands might have written down the last surviving fragments of an age erased by flood, time, or perhaps intention. The silence between those lines feels heavy, as if something vast had been taken away. The same way a missing note can haunt an entire song. The same way a lost memory hovers at the edge of sleep. Maybe that’s why these stories still whisper to us. They remind us that what we call history might only be the part that survived the burning. At night, when the museums close and the lights fade, I imagine those clay tablets breathing in the dark, each one holding the faint memory of a world we no longer recognize. We think we are the beginning of understanding, but maybe we are the last chapter of remembrance. And as the desert wind passes over the ruins of Uruk, carrying grains of ancient dust into another millennium, you can almost hear the first line of our forgotten story, soft, unfinished, waiting to be heard again. If the Sumerians were not the first, then who were they remembering? They said, “Kingship descended from heaven.” Not metaphorically, not symbolically, but as a statement of fact recorded in clay more than 4,000 years ago. A line that still trembles with something language struggles to contain. After the kingship descended from heaven, kingship was in Eridu. It is the opening verse of what we now call the Sumerian King List, a chronicle of rulers whose reign stretch far beyond the boundaries of human possibility. But before we can understand who those impossible kings were, we must first see what they left behind. Because the clay tablets are only part of the story. The cities themselves whisper just as loudly. The earliest Sumerian settlements, Eridu, Ur, Nippur, were not the chaotic sprawl of a people learning to live together. They were geometric, planned, aligned with intention that borders on the uncanny. When excavators first reached the foundations of Eridu, they expected disorder. What they found instead was layer upon layer of construction, each temple rebuilt directly atop the last, stretching back nearly 8,000 years, the oldest structures were not crude experiments. They were already sophisticated, oriented to cardinal directions, built on raised platforms to honor celestial sight lines, surrounded by canals that flowed with engineered precision.
The city of Ur, home to the famous ziggurat dedicated to the moon god Nanna, reveals the same unsettling pattern. Its streets were laid out in grids. Its walls were massive, reinforced with bitumen and fired brick materials that required advanced kilns and knowledge of chemistry. Homes had drainage systems, courtyards open to the sky in deliberate ratios. Even the placement of doorways followed astronomical orientations, as though the builders were mapping the heavens onto the earth itself. Nippur, the religious heart of Sumer, sat at the center of a network of cities arranged in distances that correspond to musical intervals and celestial cycles. Archaeologists have noted that the spacing between major Sumerian settlements reflects the same base 60 ratios used in their mathematics. As if the entire civilization had been composed rather than constructed. This wasn’t accident. It was architecture that remembered something. And then there is the language itself. Sumerian stands alone in the history of human speech. It has no known relatives, no linguistic ancestors, no evolutionary trail leading backward into simpler forms. It appears in the archaeological record fully formed, complex, precise, and inexplicably isolated. Linguists have spent over a century trying to connect Sumerian to other language families. They’ve tested it against Indo-European, Semitic, Dravidian, even Uralic tongues. Nothing fits. It exists outside the tree of language entirely, as though it had been transplanted from somewhere or somewhere else. To write in Sumerian was to engage with a system that blended sound, symbol, and meaning in ways that feel almost encoded. Each cuneiform sign could represent a word, a syllable, or an idea, depending on context. The grammar was agglutinative, building meaning through layered suffixes in patterns that required extraordinary linguistic sophistication. The Sumerians themselves believed their writing came from Nisaba, the goddess of knowledge, whose name means she who counts the stars.
They did not claim to invent it. They said it was given. And the more we study their tablets, the harder it becomes to argue otherwise. Because the content of those tablets reveals something even stranger than the language itself. Knowledge that shouldn’t exist yet. One clay tablet discovered in the ruins of Nippur records the orbital cycle of Venus with stunning accuracy, 584 days, matching modern astronomical observations. Another tablet charts the movements of Jupiter and Saturn, tracking their positions across decades with precision that requires multi-generational record keeping and mathematical models we associate with much later civilizations. Star maps etched into cylinder seals show constellations we still recognize today. The bull, the scorpion, the lion. But they also include celestial references that suggest the Sumerians were observing not just the visible sky, but cycles within cycles, precessional shifts that take thousands of years to complete. How could a first civilization track cosmic time on that scale? And then there is the mathematics. The Sumerians used a base 60 numerical system, sexagesimal counting, which forms the invisible architecture of our modern world. 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour, 360 degrees in a circle. These aren’t arbitrary. They’re Sumerian. Base 60 allows for elegant division. It has more factors than base 10, making it ideal for astronomy, geometry, and trade. But it’s also a system that requires abstract thinking, an understanding of fractions and ratios that most early cultures took centuries to develop. The Sumerians had it from the beginning. Tablets from the Old Babylonian period, successors to the Sumerians, reveal mathematical problems involving Pythagorean triples more than a thousand years before Pythagoras was born. They calculated square roots, solved quadratic equations, and understood geometric progressions. One tablet, known as Plimpton 322, lists number sets that imply trigonometric knowledge we didn’t think existed until the Greeks.
Yet there it sits, carved in clay, silent and patient. The deeper the excavations went, the more the anomalies multiplied. Archaeologists unearthed evidence of advanced metallurgy, bronze alloys that required precise temperature control and knowledge of tin sourcing from distant trade networks. Tools that showed no evolutionary development, no trial and error phase, just sudden competence. They found medical texts describing surgical procedures, pharmacological recipes using dozens of plant compounds, and anatomical knowledge that suggests dissection and systematic observation. One tablet lists symptoms and treatments for over a dozen conditions, organized with clinical precision. And everywhere throughout the ruins, there was organization. Bureaucratic records, tax receipts, property deeds, temple inventories, payroll logs for workers. The kind of administrative complexity that requires not just literacy, but institutional memory systems passed down and refined over generations. But where were those generations? Where was the awkward beginning, the fumbling first steps, the slow climb from stone to bronze to iron? The Sumerian record shows none of that. It begins already in motion, already sophisticated, already remembering. The cities themselves seem to echo this. In Uruk, beneath the grand temples dedicated to Inanna and Anu, excavators found older structures. And beneath those, older still. Each layer more refined than the one above it, as though civilization were contracting rather than expanding, growing smaller, simpler, more forgetful as it moved forward through time. It’s the reverse of what we expect. And it aligns perfectly with what the Sumerians themselves wrote, that kingship, knowledge, and order descended from heaven. Whether they meant gods, teachers, or remnants of a forgotten people who survived some ancient catastrophe, their words point to one unmistakable idea. Sumer inherited civilization. It did not create it. The clay doesn’t lie. It remembers. And what it remembers is a world that came before. A world that built in straight lines, counted in 60s, tracked the stars across millennia, and left behind not ruins, but echoes. Echoes preserved in the geometry of cities, in the isolation of language, in the precision of mathematics, and in the unsettling sophistication of a people who appeared in history already awake. those clay tablets is not how the Sumerians achieved so much. It’s who taught them to remember. Among the thousands of tablets scattered across museum collections and archaeological sites, one document stands apart. Not because it is larger or more ornate, but because of what it dares to claim. It is called the Sumerian King List, and it reads like a chronicle of impossibility. The tablet begins with a single line carved in the same wedge-pressed cuneiform used for grain tallies and trade receipts. After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu. What follows is a list of rulers, names, cities, reign lengths, stretching backward through time until the numbers themselves break apart into something that no longer feels human. Eight kings are named, eight rulers who governed the world before the flood. And their reigns are not measured in decades, or even centuries.
They are measured in tens of thousands of years. Alulim, the first king, reigned for 28,800 years. Alalgar, the second, for 36,000 years. En-men-lu-ana ruled for 43,200 years. On and on, the list continues. Each name paired with a city, Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larak, Sippar, Shuruppak. And each reign impossibly long, as though time itself operated under different laws. In total, these eight pre-flood kings governed for 241,200 years. Then the tablet records a single abrupt sentence. Then the flood swept over. And after that line, everything changes. The reigns shrink. Mortality returns. The kings who follow the flood rule for hundreds of years, then decades, then lifespans recognizably human. The age of gods gives way to the age of men. The impossible becomes the historical. The mythic collapses into the mundane, but the transition is seamless. The king list does not distinguish between the two eras in tone or style. It treats both with the same bureaucratic precision as though recording not fantasy but memory. And that is what unsettles scholars most because the Sumerian king list was not written as mythology. It was not a hymn or a prayer or a poem meant to inspire awe. It was a bureaucratic document etched in the same cuneiform script used for tax records, temple inventories, and grain receipts. It was copied and recopied across centuries with each scribe treating it as authoritative history. The cities named in the list are real. Eridu, the first city, has been excavated. Its ruins stretch back nearly 8,000 years, layer upon layer of temples built and rebuilt in the sacred spot. Shuruppak, home to the flood hero Ziusudra, has been confirmed. Larak and Sippar, both real, both archaeologically verified. These were not imaginary places. They were the anchors of a civilization that kept records obsessively, that valued precision, that documented everything from the movement of stars to the wages of workers. So, why would they list kings who ruled for 36,000 years? Some scholars dismiss the numbers outright calling them exaggerations meant to grant divine legitimacy to later rulers. Others see them as scribal errors accumulated through centuries of copying, but neither explanation accounts for the consistency. Multiple versions of the king list survive from Nippur, from Larsa, from Ezin. And while details vary, the structure remains the same. Eight kings, impossibly long reigns, then the flood, then mortality. It’s too deliberate to be accident. And then there are those who noticed the mathematics.
The numbers in the king list are not random. They follow a pattern. Almost all of the pre-flood reigns are multiples of 3,600, a unit the Sumerians called the SAR. In their cosmology, the SAR represented not just a span of time but a celestial cycle, to return to their starting positions. Alulim’s reign, 28,800 years equals eight SARs. Alalgar’s reign, 36,000 years equals 10 SARs. En-men-lu-ana’s reign, 43,200 years equals 12 SARs. The pattern repeats. The numbers are not lifespans, they are astronomical codes, epochs marked by the turning of the heavens rather than the beating of human hearts. To scholars who see the king list through this lens, the pre-flood kings were not individuals, they were symbols, guardians of celestial ages, embodiments of planetary cycles, representatives of eras so vast that only the stars could measure them. Perhaps kingship descending from heaven was not metaphor at all but a statement of cosmic order, a system where rulers were chosen not by lineage but by alignment with the sky itself. But even this interpretation raises a question that hovers over the entire document like a shadow. Why would a bureaucratic culture encode astronomy into their royal lineage unless they believed the two were inseparable, unless they saw time, kingship, and celestial motion as a single woven thread, one that had been severed by the flood and had to be remembered, preserved, passed down in clay so it would never be forgotten again. Because to the Sumerians, the king list was not allegory, it was history. They believed these kings existed. They believed the reigns were real even if the scale defied human comprehension. And they believed the flood that ended that age was not a story invented to explain suffering. It was a memory of an actual cataclysm, one so vast it reset the clock of civilization itself. The flood did not erase fantasy, it erased memory. And everything that followed, every city, every temple, every cuneiform mark pressed into wet clay, was an attempt to recover what had been lost, to rebuild not just civilization but remembrance. The king list is a document of survival, a way of saying this is what we were. This is what we came from. This is what the flood took away. And perhaps that is why the numbers feel so wrong to us because they are not meant to measure time the way we do. They are meant to measure loss, the distance between what was and what remains, the gap between the age when knowledge descended from heaven and the age when humanity had to learn everything again, slowly, painfully, from fragments. When you hold that tension between the bureaucratic precision of the king list and the cosmic impossibility of its numbers, you begin to understand why the Sumerians copied it so carefully, why they treated it as authoritative, why they refused to edit the reigns into something more believable.
Because to change the numbers would be to forget, and forgetting to them was the only true death. The flood had already taken one world. The clay tablets were their vow that it would not take the memory of that world as well. So the king list remains, pressed into clay, silent and patient, a record of eight kings who ruled before the waters came, whose names still carry the weight of eras we can no longer imagine, and whose reigns marked the boundary between the world we know and the world that drowned. And just beyond that boundary, beneath the rising waters of the flood, lies the question that haunts every line of the king list. If these kings were real, what kind of world did they rule? The answer lies buried beneath 10 feet of silt. When archaeologists first reached the deeper layers of ancient Sumerian cities, they expected continuity, one civilization flowing into the next, layer upon layer of occupation marking the slow passage of time. What they found instead was interruption, a sterile band of sediment, clean, uniform, devoid of pottery shards, ash, or human trace. Flood deposit. At Ur, the excavation team led by Sir Leonard Woolley in the 1920s dug through the ruins of temples and homes until their shovels struck clay thick, water-laid clay that stretched down 8 feet before reaching the burned remnants of an older settlement beneath. Woolley stood in the trench and realized he was looking at the physical boundary between two worlds. Below the silt, charred walls, shattered pottery, the bones of a city that had ended in fire. Above the silt, new foundations, rebuilt temples, a civilization rising again from silence. The same pattern appeared at Shuruppak, the city of Ziusudra, the flood hero. Beneath the ruins, a layer of silt. And at Kish, another band of sediment marking the same violent disruption. The dates varied slightly around 2900 BCE, but the message was unmistakable. Something had swept over the land. The Sumerian tablets describe it with stark simplicity. Then the flood swept over. No elaboration, no drama, just a single line dividing history into before and after, the age of gods and the age of men, the world of impossible reigns and the world of mortality. And that simplicity, coming from a culture that recorded everything in exhaustive detail, feels more like witness testimony than myth. Because the Sumerians did not write the flood as allegory, they wrote it as record, as memory, as the moment when the old world drowned and the new one began, smaller and more fragile, but determined to remember what had been lost. The oldest account comes from a tablet discovered in Nippur, written in Sumerian centuries before the Hebrew Bible.
For seven days and seven nights, the flood swept over the land. The huge boat was tossed about by the windstorms on the great waters. The hero of this story is Ziusudra, whose name means life of long days or he who found life. In the Akkadian tradition, he is called Utnapishtim. In Hebrew texts, Noah. But the structure remains constant across all tellings. A man warned by a god, a vessel built in secret, a deluge that erases the world, and a survival that preserves not just life but knowledge. According to the tablets, Enki, the god of wisdom, keeper of the sacred me, the divine principles of civilization, came to Ziusudra in a dream or perhaps through the wall of a reed hut whispering so the other gods would not hear. The assembly of the gods led by Enlil had decided to end humanity. The noise of mortals had grown too great. The world had become unbalanced. The decree was final, but Enki could not bear to see knowledge perish with the people who carried it. So, he warned Ziusudra. He instructed him to build a vessel, to seal it with bitumen, to bring aboard the seed of all living things, not just animals, but craftsmen, musicians, scribes, the keepers of memory, the bearers of the me. Abandon riches and seek life. Despise property and preserve the soul alive. When the rains came, they did not stop. The tablets say the storm raged for 7 days. The great boat was tossed upon waters so vast they covered the mountains. The world below temples, cities, fields, everything vanished beneath the churning dark.
And then, silence. When the waters receded, Ziusudra released a dove, then a swallow, then a raven. The raven did not return. It had found land. The boat came to rest on a mountain, and Ziusudra made an offering of thanks. The gods smelled the smoke and descended, realizing too late that they had nearly erased their own creation. Enlil was furious that someone had survived. But Enki defended Ziusudra, saying that wisdom should not perish with the wicked. And so, as a compromise, or perhaps as a burden, Ziusudra was granted immortality and sent to dwell in the land beyond the rivers, at the mouth of the rivers, a place where the divine and mortal worlds no longer touch. He became memory itself, the living testament to what had been lost. But here is the question that archaeology will not let rest. Was this a story or the echo of a real survival? Because the geological record suggests something happened. Across Mesopotamia, layers of flood silt mark a sudden, catastrophic inundation around the same period the king list places the deluge. Core samples from the Black Sea reveal a dramatic rise in water levels roughly 7,500 years ago, when meltwater from retreating glaciers broke through natural barriers and drowned vast coastal regions in a matter of weeks. The end of the last ice age around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago was not gradual. It was punctuated by violent climate shifts, glacial lake outbursts, and rapidly rising seas. Coastlines that had been home to human settlements for millennia were submerged. River valleys became seas, islands vanished, and humanity, scattered across those coasts, would have watched the waters rise. They would have fled inland. They would have carried what they could, tools, seeds, stories, and they would have remembered. Because a flood that erases your world is not something you forget. It becomes the dividing line in your history, the moment when everything changed. Flood myths appear in nearly every ancient culture. The Epic of Gilgamesh, the Hebrew Genesis, Hindu Matsya Purana, Greek myth of Deucalion, Chinese legend of Gunyu, Mesoamerican tales of the fourth sun destroyed by water. How could civilizations separated by oceans and millennia all remember the same cataclysm? Perhaps because it wasn’t one flood, but many local catastrophes caused by the same global climate shift, each one devastating enough to burn itself into collective memory. Or perhaps, as some researchers suggest, there was a single, massive event, a comet impact, a glacial collapse, a rupture so immense it reshaped coastlines worldwide, and became the flood that all cultures remember. The Sumerians believed the latter.
They believed the flood was not local. It was total. It erased the old world, the world of the pre-flood kings, the world where knowledge descended from heaven, the world of impossible rains and celestial order. And when the waters finally receded, what remained was silence. The gods withdrew. The kings became mortal. The cities had to be rebuilt from fragments. And the survivors, people like Ziusudra, were tasked with the most sacred duty imaginable, to remember, to carry forward the seed of all living things. Yes, but also the seed of all knowing things. The mathematics, the star charts, the medicine, the language, the me, the divine codes that once flowed freely from heaven to earth. That is why the Sumerian tablets feel so urgent, why the king list was copied and recopied across centuries, why their cities were rebuilt on the ruins of older cities, each one an echo of what came before. Because they were not inventing civilization, they were restoring it. And the flood, the great silence that divided their history, was the reason why. After the silence came the teachers. When the floodwaters receded and the survivors emerged into a world made strange by absence, they were not alone. According to the tablets, there were beings who remained or returned to help humanity remember what had been lost. The Sumerians called them the Anunnaki. The name itself carries weight. Those who from heaven to earth came, not metaphorically, not symbolically, but as a designation as precise as any lineage or title recorded in their bureaucratic texts. And what stands out immediately, what makes these figures different from the gods of later mythologies, is that they were not described as omnipotent. They were not distant, unknowable forces dwelling beyond mortal reach.
They were participants, engineers, builders, lawgivers, teachers who walked among humanity and shared the knowledge needed to rebuild. The tablets describe them with strange specificity. Enki, god of the deep waters and keeper of the me, taught humanity agriculture, irrigation, and the healing arts. He was the one who warned Ziusudra of the flood, who could not bear to see knowledge perish. His symbol was the serpent, representing wisdom and renewal, and his domain was Eridu, the first city, where the oldest temples in Mesopotamia still rise from the sand. Enlil, god of air and storms, governed law and order. He was the executive force among the gods, the one who decreed the flood and later granted kingship to mortals. His temple at Nippur was considered the navel of the world, the place where heaven and earth connected. To rule without Enlil’s blessing was to rule illegitimately. Anu, god of the highest heavens, was the father of the pantheon, distant, but foundational. His name appears in star charts, and his temple in Uruk was aligned to celestial events.
